ECONOMIC ASPECT OF HINDU-MUSLIM VIOLENCE IN INDIA

Khalid Mohammad Tabish, S. M. Sajid

Abstract


Pluralism and multiculturalism are the soul of Indian society. It makes India unique all over the world. People from all major religions of the world have lived in India with brotherhood and identifies them as one despite their different religious, cultural and regional belongings. Hindus and Muslims are the two prominent religious groups of India, who shares 800 years of bonding with each other. For these years, they have lived and prospered together.  However, their bonding and togetherness have been marred by instances of bitterness, hatred, competition and violence. They have often scuffled for their economic, political and religious interests. In post independent India, tensions between Hindus and Muslims have been rising and adopting new features. They are mostly occurring in urban areas, and economic factors are playing a vital role in intensifying these tussles. This paper is an attempt to understand how economic aspects are playing and intensifying Hindu-Muslim violence in India, and what are its implications for the victims and the society as well.

Keywords


India, Hindu, Muslim, Violence, Economic factors, Economic aspect of riots.

References


Bagchi A. (1990). “Predatory Commercialization and Communalism in India.” In Gopal S. (edn). “Anatomy of a Confrontation”, Penguin, New Delhi.

Bohr A, and Crisp S. (1996). “Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz.” In Smith G. (eds.). “The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States”, Longman, New York.

Radical Socialist. (2009). “Communalism – Its Causes And Consequences”, retrieved from http://www.radicalsocialist.in/articles/national-situation/63-communalism-its-causes-and-consequences

Das R. (2005). “The Global Vision of Mahatma Gandhi”, Sarup & Sons.

Dhattiwala R. (2017). “Mapping the self: challenges of insider research in a riot-affected city and strategies to improve data quality”, Contemporary South Asia, Vol.25(1), pp.7-22.

Engineer A. (1984). “The Causes of Communal Riots in the Post-Partition Period in India.” In Engineer A. (ed). “Communal Riots in Post-Independence India”, pp.33–41, Sangam Hyderabad, India.

Field E, Levinson M, Pande R, and Visaria S. (2008). “Segregation, Rent Control, and Riots: The Economics of Religious Conflict in an Indian City,” A.E.R. Papers and Proc, Vol.98, pp.505-510.

Graff V, and Galonnier J. (2013). “Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India I (1947-1986)”, available online: https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-i-1947-1986

Hasan M. (1997). “Legacy of a divided nation: India's Muslims since independence”, Westview Press.

Hasan M. (1997). “Legacy of a Divided Nation: India’s Muslim Since Independence”, Hurst and Company, London, p.287.

Hasan ZK. (1982). “Communalism and communal violence in India”, Social Scientist, pp.25-39.

Huntington S. (1968). “Political Order in Changing n Changing Societies”, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Keynote address delivered to the workshop on the Condition of Minorities in South Asia held at Delhi from 16 to 19 September 2005 retrieved from http://www.sacw.net/DC/CommunalismCollection/ArticlesArchive/knp15102005.html (accessed on 02-01-2018 at 04:00 PM IST).

Khan D. (1992). “Meerut Riots: An Analysis” In Kumar P. (ed). “Towards Understanding Communalism”, Centre Res. Rural and Industrial Development, Chandigarh, India.

Khan MA. (2012). “Laws relating to communal violence: A study”, available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/40546

Kumar P. (2005). “Communal Riots in Mau Nath Bhanjan,” Wilkinson SI (ed). “Religious Politics and Communal Violence”, Oxford University Press, pp.244–271.

Lok Sabha Starred Question No.*35 To Be Answered on The 19th July, 2016/ASHADHA 28, 1938 (SAKA) Accessed through http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/9/AS35.pdf

Mitra A, and Ray D. (2014). “Implications of an economic theory of conflict: Hindu-Muslim violence in India”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.122(4), pp.719-765.

Muzaffarnagar: Tales of death and despair in India's riot-hit town, published on 25 September 2013 retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24172537 (accessed on 02-01-2018 at 08:15 PM IST)

Naidu R. (1980). “The communal edge to plural societies: India and Malaysia”, No.4, Vikas Publishing House.

Olzak S. (1992). “The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict”, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Rajgopal PR. (1987). “Communal Violence in India”, Uppal Publishing House/Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, p.81.

Registrar General, India. "Census of India 2011: provisional population totals-India data sheet." Office of the Registrar General Census Commissioner, India. Indian Census Bureau (2011).

Rise in communal violence in 2017, Centre tells Parliament accessed through http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rise-in-communal-violence-in-2017-centre-tells-parliament-2582180.

Shariff A. (1995). “Socio-Economic and Demographic Differentials between Hindus and Muslims in India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.30(46), pp.2947-2953. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4403452

Siddiqui Z. (1997). “The Problem of Communal Violence and Communalism in India: Some Theoretical Explanations”, ALJ, Vol.12, p.127.

Thakore D. (1993). “The Burning of Bombay.” Sunday, January 24–30, pp.28–37.

The Minorities at Risk. Accessed through http://www.mar.umd.edu/mar_data.asp.

Upadhyaya A. (1992). “Recent Trends in Communal Violence: A Case Study of Varanasi,” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Conflict and Change, United Nations University, Portrush, Ulster.

Varshney A, and Wilkinson S. (2006). “Varshney-Wilkinson Dataset on Hindu-Muslim Violence in India, 1950-1995”, Version 2, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04342.v1

What Explains Ethnic Violence? Evidence from Hindu-Muslim Riots in India? Retrieved from http://pavelchakraborty.weebly.com/uploads/9/5/1/5/9515383/riots_revised_may_2013_ep.pdf

Wilkinson S. (2004). “Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India”, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Wilkinson SI. (2006). “Votes and violence: Electoral competition and ethnic riots in India”, Cambridge University Press.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Send mail to ijmss@ijmss.com with questions or comments about this web site. 

International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, All rights reserved.