Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN THE TOURISM SECTOR IN ZIMBABWE

Tsitsi Chipfuva, Jennifer Chishamiso Nzonzo, Blessing Muchenje

Abstract


This paper examines the challenges that women entrepreneurs face in the tourism sector in Zimbabwe. The research targeted female entrepreneurs selling curios in Masvingo and Victoria Falls which are the prime tourist destinations in Zimbabwe. Women entrepreneurship has been under spotlight in Zimbabwe, since it is a source of economic growth. Despite the potential that lies in women entrepreneurs they face additional or at least different social, cultural, educational and technological challenges than men in establishing and developing their own enterprises, and accessing economic resources.

From the interviews conducted, women entrepreneurs in the tourism sector have difficulties in securing funding, inadequate business related education as well as social, cultural and religious impediments. This paper engenders to understand the gender biases embedded in society which constrain women‘s mobility, interactions, active economic participation and access to business development services. Lastly, appropriate interventions are recommended within the discourse of entrepreneurship.


Keywords


Entrepreneurship, Tourism, Gender, Enterprise development, Women entrepreneurship, Challenges faced by women.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Association of Travel Agents. (2012). “Women’s engagement in the Tourism industry Forum”, held at Victoria Falls Zimbabwe during 21st-22nd June 2012.

Agbényiga DBL, and Ahmedani BK. (2008). “Utilizing Social Work Skills to Enhance Entrepreneurship Training for Women: A Ghanaian Perspective”, Journal of Community Practice, Vol.16(4), pp.423-440.

Anderson ER. (2008). “Whose name’s on the awning? Gender, entrepreneurship and the American diner”, Gender, Place and Culture, Vol.15(4), pp.395-410.

Baines S, and Wheelock J. (2000). “Work and employment in small businesses: perpetuating and challenging gender traditions”, Gender, Work & Organization, Vol.7(1), pp.45-56.

Bushell B. (2008). “Women entrepreneurs in Nepal: what prevents them from leading the sector?”, Gender & Development, Vol.16(3), pp.549-564.

Carter, S. (2000) Improving the numbers and performance of women-owned businesses: some implications for training and advisory services. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol.30(3), pp.140-154.

Chitsike C. (2000). “Culture as a barrier to rural women's entrepreneurship: Experience from Zimbabwe”, Gender and Development, Vol.8(1), pp.71-77.

Das M. (1999). “Women entrepreneurs from southern India: an exploratory study”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol.8(2), pp.147-163.

Drine I, and Grach M. (2012). “Supporting Women Entrepreneurs in Tunisia”, European Journal of Development Research, Vol.24(3), pp.450-464.

Goheer NA. (2003). “Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan: How to improve their bargaining power”, in Focus Programme on Boosting Employment through Small Enterprise Development, Geneva, ILO

Gelb A. (2001). “Gender and Growth, Africa’s Missed Potential. Africa regional findings No. 197, December, World Bank, Washington D.C.

Gibb AA, and Ritchie J. (1982). “Understanding the process of starting small businesses”, International Small Business Journal, Vol.1(1), pp.26-46.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2010). “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor- Report on Women and Entrepreneurship”, accessed on 30 August 2012 through http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/266/gem-2010-global-report.

ILO. (1998). “Job Creation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Guide to ILO Recommendation No 189”, International Laobour Office, Geneva, no. of pages.23.

Jahanshahi A, Pitamber B, and Nawaser K. (2010). “Issues and Challenges for Women Entrepreneurs in Global Scene, with Special Reference to India”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol.4(9), pp.4347-4356.

McClelland M, Swail J, Bell J, and Ibbotson P. (2005). “Following the pathway of female entrepreneurs. A six country investigation”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol.11(2), pp.84-107.

Minniti M. (2005). “Entrepreneurship and network externalities”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol.57(1), pp.1-27.

Mayoux L. (2001). “Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprises: Getting the Policy Environment Right”, ILO, Geneva.

Masundire H. (2011). “Arts and Crafts Zimbabwe, Harare, ZimTrade.

Mboko S, and Smith-Hunter A. (2009). “Zimbabwe Women Business Owners: Survival Strategies and Implications for Growth”, Journal of Applied Business and Economics, Vol.11(2), pp.82-104.

Mayoux L. (2001). ‘Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprises: Getting the Policy Environment Right’, ILO, Geneva.

Morgan DE, and Ojo EO. (2008). “Women in Africa’s Development: Pushing for Progress through Entrepreneurship Education”, Complimented by On-Going Coaching Sessions Paper Presented at The Fifth Pan- Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning 13-17 July 2008, University of London, UK.

Mueller S, and Dato-on MC. (2010). “A cross-cultural study of gender-role orientation and its effect on entrepreneurial orientation”, Proceedings of the 2010 USASBE Conference. Nashville, TN, 14-17 January 2010.

Nepad. (2001). “The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): Framework Document”, accessed on 12 April 2012, through http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/inbrief.pdf

New Dimensions Consulting Group, and Zimbizi G. (2007). “Gender Scoping Report”, Harare, New Dimensions Consulting Group, accessed on 14 August through www.notify.net/download/461786/http://nedicozimbabwe.com/docs/GenderScopingStudyFinalReport.pdf.

Ozigbo N, and Ezeaku P. (2009). “Adoption of information and communication technologies to the development of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Africa”, Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, Vol.1(1), pp.1-20.

Ozigbo NC, and Ezeaku P. (2009). “Promoting women and minorities owned enterprises in African countries”, Journal of Business Administration Studies, Vol.1(1), pp.48-69.

OECD. (2004). “Promoting Entrepreneurship and innovative smes in a global economy: Towards a more responsible and inclusive globalisation”, Organization For Economic Development And Cooperation (OECD), Paris.

Peris-Ortiz M, Rueda-Armengot C, and Benito Osorio D. (2011). “Women in business: entrepreneurship, ethics and efficiency”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol.8(3), pp.1-12.

Rajani N, and Sarada D. (2008). “Women Entrepreneurship and Support Systems”, Studies of Home and Economic Science, Vol.2(2), pp.107-112.

Richardson PA, and Howarth RP. (2002a). “Jobs Gender and Small Enterprises Factors affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Micro and Small Enterprises in Africa”, Background Briefing Note 1 to ILO Meeting.

Sorokhaibam R, and Laishram N. (2011). “Women Entrepreneurship In Manipur, North-East India”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, Vol.1(5), pp.46-53.

Stevenson L, and St-Onge A. (2005). “Support for growth-oriented women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania: an overview report”, ILO, Geneva, accessed on 16 July 2007 through http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/GOWE%20Kenya.pdf

Tan J. (2008). “Breaking the “Bamboo Curtain” and the “Glass Ceiling”: The Experience of Women Entrepreneurs in High-Tech Industries in an Emerging Market”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.80(3), pp.547-564.

Tambunan T. (2009). “SMEs in Asian developing countries”, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Tambunan T. (2009). “Women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries: Their Development and main constraints”, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, Vol.1(2), pp.27-40.

Teoh M, and Chong S. (2007). “Theorizing a framework of factors influencing performance of Women entrepreneurs in Malaysia”, Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, Vol.2(2). pp.1-17.

Ulusay de Groot T. (2001). “Women Entrepreneurship Development in Selected African Countries”. Private Sector Development (PSD) Technical Working Paper Series, Working Paper(7), UNIDO, Vienna.

UNIDO. (2003), “Developing Rural and Women Entrepreneurship”, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, accessed on 16 July 2012, through www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/A_path_out_of_poverty.pdf.

United Nations. (2006). “Entrepreneurship and e-Business Development for Women”, ESCARP, Bangkok.

Verheul I, Van Stel A, and Thurik R. (2006). “Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol.18(2), pp.151–183.

Vijaya V, and Kamalanabhan TJ. (1998). “A Scale to Assess Entrepreneurial Motivation”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol.7(2), pp.183-198.

Williams S. (2002). “Lloyds TSB Small Business Guide”, 3rd edition, Vitesse Media Group, London.

Winn J. (2005). “Women Entrepreneurs: can we remove the barriers?”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol.1(3), pp.381-397.

Zimmerer TW, and Scarborough NM. (1996). “Entrepreneurship and new venture formation”, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Send mail to ijsar@ijsar.com with questions or comments about this web site. 

International Journal of Social and Allied Research, All rights reserved.